xref: /xnu-11215.41.3/libkern/os/refcnt_internal.h (revision 33de042d024d46de5ff4e89f2471de6608e37fa4)
1 #ifndef _OS_REFCNT_INTERNAL_H
2 #define _OS_REFCNT_INTERNAL_H
3 
4 struct os_refcnt {
5 	os_ref_atomic_t ref_count;
6 #if OS_REFCNT_DEBUG
7 	struct os_refgrp *ref_group;
8 #endif
9 };
10 
11 #if OS_REFCNT_DEBUG
12 
13 __options_closed_decl(os_refgrp_flags_t, uint64_t, {
14 	OS_REFGRP_F_NONE           = 0x0,
15 	OS_REFGRP_F_ALWAYS_ENABLED = 0x1,
16 });
17 
18 struct os_refgrp {
19 	const char *grp_name;
20 	os_ref_atomic_t grp_children;  /* number of refcount objects in group */
21 	os_ref_atomic_t grp_count;     /* current reference count of group */
22 	_Atomic uint64_t grp_retain_total;
23 	_Atomic uint64_t grp_release_total;
24 	struct os_refgrp *grp_parent;
25 	void *grp_log;                 /* refcount logging context */
26 	uint64_t grp_flags;            /* Unused for now. */
27 };
28 
29 #endif
30 
31 # define OS_REF_ATOMIC_INITIALIZER 0
32 #if OS_REFCNT_DEBUG
33 # define OS_REF_INITIALIZER { .ref_count = OS_REF_ATOMIC_INITIALIZER, .ref_group = NULL }
34 #else
35 # define OS_REF_INITIALIZER { .ref_count = OS_REF_ATOMIC_INITIALIZER }
36 #endif
37 
38 __BEGIN_DECLS
39 
40 #if OS_REFCNT_DEBUG
41 # define os_ref_if_debug(x, y) x
42 #else
43 # define os_ref_if_debug(x, y) y
44 #endif
45 
46 void os_ref_init_count_external(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *, os_ref_count_t);
47 void os_ref_retain_external(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
48 void os_ref_retain_locked_external(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
49 os_ref_count_t os_ref_release_external(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *,
50     memory_order release_order, memory_order dealloc_order);
51 os_ref_count_t os_ref_release_relaxed_external(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
52 os_ref_count_t os_ref_release_barrier_external(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
53 os_ref_count_t os_ref_release_locked_external(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
54 bool os_ref_retain_try_external(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
55 
56 #if XNU_KERNEL_PRIVATE
57 void os_ref_init_count_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *, os_ref_count_t);
58 void os_ref_retain_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
59 void os_ref_retain_floor_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, os_ref_count_t, struct os_refgrp *);
60 os_ref_count_t os_ref_release_relaxed_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
61 os_ref_count_t os_ref_release_barrier_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
62 os_ref_count_t os_ref_release_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *,
63     memory_order release_order, memory_order dealloc_order);
64 bool os_ref_retain_try_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
65 bool os_ref_retain_floor_try_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, os_ref_count_t, struct os_refgrp *);
66 void os_ref_retain_locked_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
67 void os_ref_retain_floor_locked_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, os_ref_count_t, struct os_refgrp *);
68 os_ref_count_t os_ref_release_locked_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, struct os_refgrp *);
69 #else
70 /* For now, the internal and external variants are identical */
71 #define os_ref_init_count_internal      os_ref_init_count_external
72 #define os_ref_retain_internal          os_ref_retain_external
73 #define os_ref_retain_locked_internal   os_ref_retain_locked_external
74 #define os_ref_release_internal         os_ref_release_external
75 #define os_ref_release_barrier_internal os_ref_release_barrier_external
76 #define os_ref_release_relaxed_internal os_ref_release_relaxed_external
77 #define os_ref_release_locked_internal  os_ref_release_locked_external
78 #define os_ref_retain_try_internal      os_ref_retain_try_external
79 #endif
80 
81 static inline void
os_ref_init_count(struct os_refcnt * rc,struct os_refgrp * __unused grp,os_ref_count_t count)82 os_ref_init_count(struct os_refcnt *rc, struct os_refgrp * __unused grp, os_ref_count_t count)
83 {
84 #if OS_REFCNT_DEBUG
85 	rc->ref_group = grp;
86 #endif
87 	os_ref_init_count_internal(&rc->ref_count, os_ref_if_debug(rc->ref_group, NULL), count);
88 }
89 
90 static inline void
os_ref_retain(struct os_refcnt * rc)91 os_ref_retain(struct os_refcnt *rc)
92 {
93 	os_ref_retain_internal(&rc->ref_count, os_ref_if_debug(rc->ref_group, NULL));
94 }
95 
96 static inline os_ref_count_t
os_ref_release_locked(struct os_refcnt * rc)97 os_ref_release_locked(struct os_refcnt *rc)
98 {
99 	return os_ref_release_locked_internal(&rc->ref_count, os_ref_if_debug(rc->ref_group, NULL));
100 }
101 
102 static inline void
os_ref_retain_locked(struct os_refcnt * rc)103 os_ref_retain_locked(struct os_refcnt *rc)
104 {
105 	os_ref_retain_internal(&rc->ref_count, os_ref_if_debug(rc->ref_group, NULL));
106 }
107 
108 static inline bool
os_ref_retain_try(struct os_refcnt * rc)109 os_ref_retain_try(struct os_refcnt *rc)
110 {
111 	return os_ref_retain_try_internal(&rc->ref_count, os_ref_if_debug(rc->ref_group, NULL));
112 }
113 
114 __deprecated_msg("inefficient codegen, prefer os_ref_release / os_ref_release_relaxed")
115 static inline os_ref_count_t OS_WARN_RESULT
os_ref_release_explicit(struct os_refcnt * rc,memory_order release_order,memory_order dealloc_order)116 os_ref_release_explicit(struct os_refcnt *rc, memory_order release_order, memory_order dealloc_order)
117 {
118 	return os_ref_release_internal(&rc->ref_count, os_ref_if_debug(rc->ref_group, NULL),
119 	           release_order, dealloc_order);
120 }
121 
122 #if OS_REFCNT_DEBUG
123 # define os_refgrp_initializer(name, parent, flags) \
124 	 { \
125 	        .grp_name =          (name), \
126 	        .grp_children =      (0u), \
127 	        .grp_count =         (0u), \
128 	        .grp_retain_total =  (0u), \
129 	        .grp_release_total = (0u), \
130 	        .grp_parent =        (parent), \
131 	        .grp_log =           NULL, \
132 	        .grp_flags =         flags, \
133 	}
134 
135 # define os_refgrp_decl_flags(qual, var, name, parent, flags) \
136 	qual struct os_refgrp __attribute__((section("__DATA,__refgrps"))) var =  \
137 	    os_refgrp_initializer(name, parent, flags)
138 
139 # define os_refgrp_decl(qual, var, name, parent) \
140 	os_refgrp_decl_flags(qual, var, name, parent, OS_REFGRP_F_NONE)
141 
142 # define os_refgrp_decl_extern(var) \
143 	extern struct os_refgrp var
144 
145 /* Create a default group based on the init() callsite if no explicit group
146  * is provided. */
147 # define os_ref_init_count(rc, grp, count) ({ \
148 	        os_refgrp_decl(static, __grp, __func__, NULL); \
149 	        (os_ref_init_count)((rc), (grp) ? (grp) : &__grp, (count)); \
150 	})
151 
152 #else /* OS_REFCNT_DEBUG */
153 
154 # define os_refgrp_decl(qual, var, name, parent) extern struct os_refgrp var __attribute__((unused))
155 # define os_refgrp_decl_extern(var) os_refgrp_decl(, var, ,)
156 # define os_ref_init_count(rc, grp, count) (os_ref_init_count)((rc), NULL, (count))
157 
158 #endif /* OS_REFCNT_DEBUG */
159 
160 #if XNU_KERNEL_PRIVATE
161 void os_ref_panic_live(void *rc) __abortlike;
162 #else
163 __abortlike
164 static inline void
os_ref_panic_live(void * rc)165 os_ref_panic_live(void *rc)
166 {
167 	panic("os_refcnt: unexpected release of final reference (rc=%p)\n", rc);
168 	__builtin_unreachable();
169 }
170 #endif
171 
172 static inline os_ref_count_t OS_WARN_RESULT
os_ref_release(struct os_refcnt * rc)173 os_ref_release(struct os_refcnt *rc)
174 {
175 	return os_ref_release_barrier_internal(&rc->ref_count,
176 	           os_ref_if_debug(rc->ref_group, NULL));
177 }
178 
179 static inline os_ref_count_t OS_WARN_RESULT
os_ref_release_relaxed(struct os_refcnt * rc)180 os_ref_release_relaxed(struct os_refcnt *rc)
181 {
182 	return os_ref_release_relaxed_internal(&rc->ref_count,
183 	           os_ref_if_debug(rc->ref_group, NULL));
184 }
185 
186 static inline void
os_ref_release_live(struct os_refcnt * rc)187 os_ref_release_live(struct os_refcnt *rc)
188 {
189 	if (__improbable(os_ref_release(rc) == 0)) {
190 		os_ref_panic_live(rc);
191 	}
192 }
193 
194 static inline os_ref_count_t
os_ref_get_count_internal(os_ref_atomic_t * rc)195 os_ref_get_count_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *rc)
196 {
197 	return atomic_load_explicit(rc, memory_order_relaxed);
198 }
199 
200 static inline os_ref_count_t
os_ref_get_count(struct os_refcnt * rc)201 os_ref_get_count(struct os_refcnt *rc)
202 {
203 	return os_ref_get_count_internal(&rc->ref_count);
204 }
205 
206 #if !OS_REFCNT_DEBUG
207 #define os_pcpu_ref_init(ref, grp)              (os_pcpu_ref_init)(ref, NULL)
208 #define os_pcpu_ref_destroy(ref, grp)           (os_pcpu_ref_destroy)(ref, NULL)
209 #define os_pcpu_ref_kill(ref, grp)              (os_pcpu_ref_kill)(ref, NULL)
210 #define os_pcpu_ref_retain(ref, grp)            (os_pcpu_ref_retain)(ref, NULL)
211 #define os_pcpu_ref_retain_try(ref, grp)        (os_pcpu_ref_retain_try)(ref, NULL)
212 #define os_pcpu_ref_release(ref, grp)           (os_pcpu_ref_release)(ref, NULL)
213 #define os_pcpu_ref_release_live(ref, grp)      (os_pcpu_ref_release_live)(ref, NULL)
214 #endif
215 
216 #if XNU_KERNEL_PRIVATE
217 #pragma GCC visibility push(hidden)
218 
219 /*
220  * Raw API
221  */
222 
223 static inline void
os_ref_init_count_raw(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,struct os_refgrp * grp,os_ref_count_t count)224 os_ref_init_count_raw(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, struct os_refgrp *grp, os_ref_count_t count)
225 {
226 	os_ref_init_count_internal(rc, grp, count);
227 }
228 
229 static inline void
os_ref_retain_floor(struct os_refcnt * rc,os_ref_count_t f)230 os_ref_retain_floor(struct os_refcnt *rc, os_ref_count_t f)
231 {
232 	os_ref_retain_floor_internal(&rc->ref_count, f, os_ref_if_debug(rc->ref_group, NULL));
233 }
234 
235 static inline void
os_ref_retain_raw(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,struct os_refgrp * grp)236 os_ref_retain_raw(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, struct os_refgrp *grp)
237 {
238 	os_ref_retain_internal(rc, grp);
239 }
240 
241 static inline void
os_ref_retain_floor_raw(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,os_ref_count_t f,struct os_refgrp * grp)242 os_ref_retain_floor_raw(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, os_ref_count_t f, struct os_refgrp *grp)
243 {
244 	os_ref_retain_floor_internal(rc, f, grp);
245 }
246 
247 static inline os_ref_count_t
os_ref_release_raw(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,struct os_refgrp * grp)248 os_ref_release_raw(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, struct os_refgrp *grp)
249 {
250 	return os_ref_release_barrier_internal(rc, grp);
251 }
252 
253 static inline os_ref_count_t
os_ref_release_raw_relaxed(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,struct os_refgrp * grp)254 os_ref_release_raw_relaxed(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, struct os_refgrp *grp)
255 {
256 	return os_ref_release_relaxed_internal(rc, grp);
257 }
258 
259 static inline void
os_ref_release_live_raw(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,struct os_refgrp * grp)260 os_ref_release_live_raw(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, struct os_refgrp *grp)
261 {
262 	if (__improbable(os_ref_release_barrier_internal(rc, grp) == 0)) {
263 		os_ref_panic_live(rc);
264 	}
265 }
266 
267 static inline bool
os_ref_retain_try_raw(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,struct os_refgrp * grp)268 os_ref_retain_try_raw(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, struct os_refgrp *grp)
269 {
270 	return os_ref_retain_try_internal(rc, grp);
271 }
272 
273 static inline bool
os_ref_retain_floor_try_raw(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,os_ref_count_t f,struct os_refgrp * grp)274 os_ref_retain_floor_try_raw(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, os_ref_count_t f,
275     struct os_refgrp *grp)
276 {
277 	return os_ref_retain_floor_try_internal(rc, f, grp);
278 }
279 
280 static inline void
os_ref_retain_locked_raw(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,struct os_refgrp * grp)281 os_ref_retain_locked_raw(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, struct os_refgrp *grp)
282 {
283 	os_ref_retain_locked_internal(rc, grp);
284 }
285 
286 static inline void
os_ref_retain_floor_locked_raw(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,os_ref_count_t f,struct os_refgrp * grp)287 os_ref_retain_floor_locked_raw(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, os_ref_count_t f,
288     struct os_refgrp *grp)
289 {
290 	os_ref_retain_floor_locked_internal(rc, f, grp);
291 }
292 
293 static inline os_ref_count_t
os_ref_release_locked_raw(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,struct os_refgrp * grp)294 os_ref_release_locked_raw(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, struct os_refgrp *grp)
295 {
296 	return os_ref_release_locked_internal(rc, grp);
297 }
298 
299 static inline os_ref_count_t
os_ref_get_count_raw(os_ref_atomic_t * rc)300 os_ref_get_count_raw(os_ref_atomic_t *rc)
301 {
302 	return os_ref_get_count_internal(rc);
303 }
304 
305 #if !OS_REFCNT_DEBUG
306 /* remove the group argument for non-debug */
307 #define os_ref_init_count_raw(rc, grp, count) (os_ref_init_count_raw)((rc), NULL, (count))
308 #define os_ref_retain_raw(rc, grp) (os_ref_retain_raw)((rc), NULL)
309 #define os_ref_retain_floor_raw(rc, f, grp) (os_ref_retain_floor_raw)((rc), f, NULL)
310 #define os_ref_release_raw(rc, grp) (os_ref_release_raw)((rc), NULL)
311 #define os_ref_release_raw_relaxed(rc, grp) (os_ref_release_raw_relaxed)((rc), NULL)
312 #define os_ref_release_live_raw(rc, grp) (os_ref_release_live_raw)((rc), NULL)
313 #define os_ref_retain_try_raw(rc, grp) (os_ref_retain_try_raw)((rc), NULL)
314 #define os_ref_retain_floor_try_raw(rc, f, grp) (os_ref_retain_floor_try_raw)((rc), f, NULL)
315 #define os_ref_retain_locked_raw(rc, grp) (os_ref_retain_locked_raw)((rc), NULL)
316 #define os_ref_retain_floor_locked_raw(rc, f, grp) (os_ref_retain_floor_locked_raw)((rc), f, NULL)
317 #define os_ref_release_locked_raw(rc, grp) (os_ref_release_locked_raw)((rc), NULL)
318 #endif
319 
320 extern void
321 os_ref_log_fini(struct os_refgrp *grp);
322 
323 extern void
324 os_ref_log_init(struct os_refgrp *grp);
325 
326 extern void
327 os_ref_retain_mask_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t n, struct os_refgrp *grp);
328 extern void
329 os_ref_retain_acquire_mask_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t n, struct os_refgrp *grp);
330 extern uint32_t
331 os_ref_retain_try_mask_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, uint32_t n,
332     uint32_t reject_mask, struct os_refgrp *grp) OS_WARN_RESULT;
333 extern bool
334 os_ref_retain_try_acquire_mask_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *, uint32_t n,
335     uint32_t reject_mask, struct os_refgrp *grp) OS_WARN_RESULT;
336 
337 extern uint32_t
338 os_ref_release_barrier_mask_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t n, struct os_refgrp *grp);
339 extern uint32_t
340 os_ref_release_relaxed_mask_internal(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t n, struct os_refgrp *grp);
341 
342 static inline uint32_t
os_ref_get_raw_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc)343 os_ref_get_raw_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc)
344 {
345 	return os_ref_get_count_internal(rc);
346 }
347 
348 static inline uint32_t
os_ref_get_bits_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b)349 os_ref_get_bits_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b)
350 {
351 	return os_ref_get_raw_mask(rc) & ((1u << b) - 1);
352 }
353 
354 static inline os_ref_count_t
os_ref_get_count_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b)355 os_ref_get_count_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b)
356 {
357 	return os_ref_get_raw_mask(rc) >> b;
358 }
359 
360 static inline void
os_ref_retain_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b,struct os_refgrp * grp)361 os_ref_retain_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b, struct os_refgrp *grp)
362 {
363 	os_ref_retain_mask_internal(rc, 1u << b, grp);
364 }
365 
366 static inline void
os_ref_retain_acquire_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b,struct os_refgrp * grp)367 os_ref_retain_acquire_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b, struct os_refgrp *grp)
368 {
369 	os_ref_retain_acquire_mask_internal(rc, 1u << b, grp);
370 }
371 
372 static inline uint32_t
os_ref_retain_try_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b,uint32_t reject_mask,struct os_refgrp * grp)373 os_ref_retain_try_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b,
374     uint32_t reject_mask, struct os_refgrp *grp)
375 {
376 	return os_ref_retain_try_mask_internal(rc, 1u << b, reject_mask, grp);
377 }
378 
379 static inline bool
os_ref_retain_try_acquire_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b,uint32_t reject_mask,struct os_refgrp * grp)380 os_ref_retain_try_acquire_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b,
381     uint32_t reject_mask, struct os_refgrp *grp)
382 {
383 	return os_ref_retain_try_acquire_mask_internal(rc, 1u << b, reject_mask, grp);
384 }
385 
386 static inline uint32_t
os_ref_release_raw_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b,struct os_refgrp * grp)387 os_ref_release_raw_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b, struct os_refgrp *grp)
388 {
389 	return os_ref_release_barrier_mask_internal(rc, 1u << b, grp);
390 }
391 
392 static inline uint32_t
os_ref_release_raw_relaxed_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b,struct os_refgrp * grp)393 os_ref_release_raw_relaxed_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b, struct os_refgrp *grp)
394 {
395 	return os_ref_release_relaxed_mask_internal(rc, 1u << b, grp);
396 }
397 
398 static inline os_ref_count_t
os_ref_release_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b,struct os_refgrp * grp)399 os_ref_release_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b, struct os_refgrp *grp)
400 {
401 	return os_ref_release_barrier_mask_internal(rc, 1u << b, grp) >> b;
402 }
403 
404 static inline os_ref_count_t
os_ref_release_relaxed_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b,struct os_refgrp * grp)405 os_ref_release_relaxed_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b, struct os_refgrp *grp)
406 {
407 	return os_ref_release_relaxed_mask_internal(rc, 1u << b, grp) >> b;
408 }
409 
410 static inline uint32_t
os_ref_release_live_raw_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b,struct os_refgrp * grp)411 os_ref_release_live_raw_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b, struct os_refgrp *grp)
412 {
413 	uint32_t val = os_ref_release_barrier_mask_internal(rc, 1u << b, grp);
414 	if (__improbable(val < 1u << b)) {
415 		os_ref_panic_live(rc);
416 	}
417 	return val;
418 }
419 
420 static inline void
os_ref_release_live_mask(os_ref_atomic_t * rc,uint32_t b,struct os_refgrp * grp)421 os_ref_release_live_mask(os_ref_atomic_t *rc, uint32_t b, struct os_refgrp *grp)
422 {
423 	os_ref_release_live_raw_mask(rc, b, grp);
424 }
425 
426 #if !OS_REFCNT_DEBUG
427 /* remove the group argument for non-debug */
428 #define os_ref_init_count_mask(rc, b, grp, init_c, init_b) (os_ref_init_count_mask)(rc, b, NULL, init_c, init_b)
429 #define os_ref_retain_mask(rc, b, grp) (os_ref_retain_mask)((rc), (b), NULL)
430 #define os_ref_retain_acquire_mask(rc, b, grp) (os_ref_retain_acquire_mask)((rc), (b), NULL)
431 #define os_ref_retain_try_mask(rc, b, m, grp) (os_ref_retain_try_mask)((rc), (b), (m), NULL)
432 #define os_ref_retain_try_acquire_mask(rc, b, grp) (os_ref_retain_try_acquire_mask)((rc), (b), NULL)
433 #define os_ref_release_mask(rc, b, grp) (os_ref_release_mask)((rc), (b), NULL)
434 #define os_ref_release_relaxed_mask(rc, b, grp) (os_ref_release_relaxed_mask)((rc), (b), NULL)
435 #define os_ref_release_raw_mask(rc, b, grp) (os_ref_release_raw_mask)((rc), (b), NULL)
436 #define os_ref_release_relaxed_raw_mask(rc, b, grp) (os_ref_release_relaxed_raw_mask)((rc), (b), NULL)
437 #define os_ref_release_live_raw_mask(rc, b, grp) (os_ref_release_live_raw_mask)((rc), (b), NULL)
438 #define os_ref_release_live_mask(rc, b, grp) (os_ref_release_live_mask)((rc), (b), NULL)
439 #endif
440 
441 #pragma GCC visibility pop
442 #endif
443 
444 __END_DECLS
445 
446 #endif /* _OS_REFCNT_INTERNAL_H */
447